RESUMO: Spodoptera cosmioides Walker é uma espécie polífaga, resistente a inseticidas em várias regiões do país e, apesar de ocorrer em baixas densidades, é considerada uma praga potencial para as culturas de algodão, soja e feijão no cerrado. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a biologia comparada de S. cosmioides sobre o cultivar transgênico comercial de algodoeiro NuOPAL (Bollgard I, Evento 531) e sobre o cultivar isolinha convencional DeltaOPAL. O experimento foi desenvolvido em condições de laboratório (26 ± 1°C; UR: 70 ± 10%; fotofase: 12h) a partir de lagartas recém-eclodidas e individualizadas. Foram avaliados a duração e a viabilidade das fases imaturas, a duração do ciclo biológico, o peso de pupas, a razão sexual, a porcentagem de deformação de adultos e de adultos não liberados dos invólucros pupais, a longevidade de adultos, a fecundidade e viabilidade de ovos. Os parâmetros biológicos observados não diferiram significativamente em relação às duas cultivares, que proporcionaram alto consumo, alta assimilação, alta fecundidade e viabilidade à S. cosmioides.

ABSTRACT: Spodoptera cosmioides Walker is a polyphagous insecticide-resistant species found in various regions of Brazil. Despite occurring at low densities, it is considered a potential pest of cotton, soybean, and bean crops in the Brazilian cerrado. This work investigated the comparative biology of S. cosmioides in the commercial transgenic cotton NuOPAL (Bollgard I, Evento 531) and the conventional isoline variety DeltaOPAL. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions (26 ± 1°C; relative humidity: 70 ± 10%; photoperiod: 12h), using newly-hatched and individualized larvae. We evaluated the duration and viability of immature stages, duration of the biological cycle, pupal weight, sex ratio, percentage of deformed adults and of adults trapped in the pupal case, adult longevity, fecundity, and egg viability. The biological parameters observed showed no significant differences between the two varieties studied, which enabled high consumption, high assimilation, high fecundity, and viability for S. cosmioides.

Resumen Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar la biología y los parámetros poblacionales de Diaphorina citri en los porta-injertos s Rangpur y Citrumelo 'Swingle' y en sus combinaciones con copas de naranjas, en Araraquara, Sao Pablo. Para el mantenimiento de la cría de D. citri se utilizaron plantas de Murraya exotica L. En cada tratamiento se evaluó la duración de los estados biológicos del insecto, viabilidad de los huevos, sobrevivencia de huevo a adulto y la proporción de sexos. El tiempo de desarrollo de huevo a adulto varió de 15,08 días en Pera/ Rangpur a 16,5 días en Hamilim/Citrumelo 'Swingle'. La mayor viabilidad de los huevos (82,02 %) de D. citri se observó en la combinación Valencia/Rangpur y la menor en Hamilim/Citrumelo 'Swingle' (73,66 %). Los porcentajes de supervivencia de huevo-adulto, oscilaron entre 56,16 y 71,07 %, con los menores valores de supervivencia en la combinación Hamilim/Citrumelo 'Swingle'. La menor oviposición media (huevos por hembras) fue encontrada en Citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (185,10). Sobre la base de la tabla de fertilidad, Rangpur tuvo la tasa neta de reproducción más alta (R 0 = 160,57) y la menor duración de cada tiempo de generación (31,54 días). La tasa intrínseca de crecimiento fue mayor en la combinación Valencia/Rangpur (0,1517). Se encontró una correlación positiva y significativa de la oviposición total con la longevidad de la hembra (R = 0,23440; P = 0,03649) y con la duración del período de oviposición (R = 0,39011, P = 0,0003). Citrumelo 'Swingle' y Hamilim/Citrumelo 'Swingle' fueron los tratamientos que más afectaron negativamente los parámetros biológicos estudiados, fundamentalmente la oviposición y supervivencia.

Abstract This work aimed to study the biology and population parameters of Diaphorina citri in Rangpur and Citrumelo 'Swingle' rootstocks and in their combinations with orange scions in Araraquara, Sao Pablo. For the maintenance of a D. citri breeding stock, plants of Murraya exotica L. were used. In each treatment the duration of the biological stages of the pest, viability of the eggs, survival of egg to adult and sexual ratio were evaluated. Egg to adult development time ranged from 15.08 days in Pera / Rangpur to 16.5 days in Hamilim / Citrumelo 'Swingle'. The highest viability of eggs (82.02 %) of D. citri was observed in the Valencia / Rangpur combination and the lowest in Hamilim / Citrumelo 'Swingle' (73.66 %). The egg-adult survival values ranged from 56.16 to 71.07 %, obtaining the lowest survival values in the Hamilim / Citrumelo 'Swingle' combination. The lowest mean oviposition (eggs for female) was observed in Citrumelo 'Swingle' (185.10). Based on the fertility chart, Rangpur had the highest net reproductive rate (R 0 = 160.57) and the shortest generation time (31.54 days). The intrinsic growth rate was higher in the Valencia / Rangpur combination (0.1517). A positive and significant correlation was found between total oviposition and female longevity (0.23440; P = 0.03649) and between the former variable and duration of oviposition period (0.39011, P = 0.0003). Citrumelo 'Swingle' and Hamilim / Citrumelo 'Swingle' were the treatments that most negatively affected the biological parameters studied mainly oviposition and survival.

A nivel mundial, un tercio de las partes comestibles de los alimentos producidos para el consumo humano se desperdicia, siendo importante la generación de propuestas para el uso sostenible de los mismos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la influencia de cuatro dietas, a base de salvado de arroz, en tres cantidades y tres densidades larvales sobre la duración del periodo larval, porcentaje de viabilidad larval y peso larval de Chrysomya megacephala. Los Resultados indican que la duración del periodo larval y el porcentaje de viabilidad larval fueron favorecidos con el incremento de salvado de arroz en la dieta. En contraste, el peso larval se redujo con este incremento. En relación con la densidad larval, 5 larvas/g de dieta presentó el mayor porcentaje de viabilidad larval, sin presentar efectos significativos sobre la duración del periodo y peso larval. La duración del periodo larval y el porcentaje de viabilidad larval no difirieron al incrementar la cantidad de dieta, mientras que el peso larval aumentó favorablemente. En relación con la interacción de los factores, la duración del periodo larval disminuyó conforme se incrementó la densidad larval en la dieta con mayor contenido de salvado de arroz, y el peso larval aumentó conforme se incrementó la cantidad de dieta. Finalmente, 5 larvas/g de dieta es la densidad ideal de C. megacephala, el peso larval aumenta con la cantidad de dieta y la duración del periodo larval es inversamente proporcional a la densidad larval en la dieta con mayor contenido de salvado de arroz.

Globally, a third of the edible parts of food produced for human consumption are wasted, therefore it is important the generation of proposals for the sustainable use thereof. The objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of four diets, based in rice bran, in three quantities and three larval densities on the duration of larval period, larval viability and larval weight of C. megacephala. The results indicate that the duration of larval period and percentage of larval viability were favored when the content of rice bran in the diet was increased. In contrast, the larval weight was decreased. In relation with larval density, 5 larvae/g of diet presented the greatest percentage of larval viability, without significant effects on the duration of larval period and larval weight. The duration of larval period and larval viability did not differ by increasing the quantity of diet, while the larval weight increased favorably. In relation with the interaction of factors, the duration of larval period decreased as the larval density increased, in the diet with the greatest content of rice bran, and the larval weight increased as the quantity of diet increased. Finally, the density of 5 larvae/g of diet is the ideal density of C. megacephala, the larval weight increases with the quantity of diet, and the duration of larval period is inversely proportional to the larval density in the diet with the greatest content of rice bran.

RESUMO A destruição dos restos culturais do algodoeiro, ao final do ciclo de cultivo, é uma estratégia fundamental no manejo fitossanitário da cultura, já que a sua rebrota, no período de entressafra, pode oferecer sítios de alimentação e de oviposição para pragas como o bicudo-do-algodoeiro. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a capacidade de rebrota de cultivares de algodoeiro, bem como sua infestação por Anthonomus grandis. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com três cultivares (FM 910, DeltaOPAL e NuOPAL), duas alturas de roçagem (10 cm e 20 cm) e quatro repetições. Foram realizadas avaliações semanais da porcentagem de rebrota das plantas nas duas alturas de roçagem, número de botões florais, porcentagem de botões florais infestados pelo bicudo e número de adultos por rebrota. Plantas roçadas a 10 cm de altura apresentaram menor capacidade de brotação e, consequentemente, de emissão de botões florais, reduzindo a densidade populacional do bicudo na área, enquanto plantas roçadas a 20 cm apresentaram altos índices de rebrota, aos sete dias após a roçada. A cultivar FM 910 apresentou o maior número de plantas rebrotadas e, para a cultivar DeltaOPAL, registrou-se o maior número de botões florais e adultos por planta, bem como a maior porcentagem de botões com danos causados pelo bicudo-do-algodoeiro.

ABSTRACT The destruction of cotton crop residues at the end of the crop cycle is a key strategy for the phytosanitary crop management, since its off-season re-sprout can provide sites for feeding and oviposition of pests such as the boll weevil. This study aimed to evaluate the re-sprout capacity of cotton cultivars, as well as their infestation by Anthonomus grandis. A randomized blocks design, in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, with three cultivars (FM 910, DeltaOPAL and NuOPAL), two mowing heights (10 cm and 20 cm) and four replications, was used. Weekly evaluations were carried out for measuring the percentage of plant re-sprout for both mowing heights, percentage of flower buds infested by the boll weevil and number of adults per re-sprout. Plants mowed at 10 cm presented a lower sprout capacity and consequently less flower buds, reducing the boll weevil population density in the area, while plants mowed at 20 cm showed high re-sprouts rates, seven days after mowing. The FM 910 cultivar had the highest number of re-sprout plants, while the DeltaOPAL cultivar showed the highest number of flower buds and adults per plant, as well as the highest percentage of buds damaged by the boll weevil.

Integrated pest management programs for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) must be based on efficient sampling plans for estimating the pest population. Based on the spatial distribution of the Neotropical brown stink bug Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1794) found on soybean, it was possible to construct a sequential sampling plan for the survey of this insect found on soybean. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012, using the transgenic soybean cultivar M 7908 RR, in plots of 10,000 m² subdivided into 100 plots of 100 m² (10 m × 10 m). Nymphs > 0.5 cm (4th and 5th instars) plus adults were counted weekly from five drop cloth technique samplings per plot. To evaluate insect dispersion in the area, the following indices were used: variance/mean ratio, Morisita's index, Green's coefficient, the k exponent of the negative binomial distribution, and estimation of the common exponent k (kc). To study probabilistic models to describe the spatial distribution of the insects, adjustments of the Poisson and negative binomial distributions were tested. Two sequential sampling plans for separate fields, one for grain production and the other for seed production, were prepared. The data fitted a negative binomial distribution and a sampling plan was drawn up using the sequential likelihood ratio test (SLRT). The maximum sampling unit number expected for control-related decision making was six in grain production fields, and nine in seed production fields.

El cogollero del maíz, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) es una especie polífaga de cultivos. Los cambios en los sistemas de cultivo del algodón han aumentado la importancia de esta plaga en la región de El Cerrado, Brasil. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los tipos de resistencia de las variedades de algodón (Gossypium hirsutum) por la no preferencia para oviposición y antibiosis de S. frugiperda laboratorio (27 ± 2 ºC, 70 ± 10% HR y fotoperiodo 14 h). Dos ensayos se realizaron para evaluar la no-preferencia para oviposición y alimentación, a libre y no libre escogencia, en un diseño experimental de bloques. Las hojas de las variedades DeltaOpal®, NuOpal®, FMX 993®, FMT 701®, FMX 910® y FMX 996® se ofrecieron diariamente a las larvas de S. frugiperda. Se analizaron la duración de cada estadio larval y pupal, peso de larvas a los 10 días, peso de pupa a las 24 horas, la longevidad y fecundidad de los adultos. La variedad NuOpal® fue la más resistente a S. frugiperda, al afectar el desarrollo biológico de esta plaga, presentando resistencia de los alimentos no preferidos. Las larvas de S. frugiperda alimentadas sobre algodón no Bt y sus pupas tuvieron mayor peso, más corto período larval, mayor adulto longevidad y oviposición y una mayor viabilidad total.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest species of cultivated plants. Changes in cotton crop systems are increasing the importance of this pest in cotton in the El Cerrado region of Brazil. This work aimed to evaluate resistance types of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) varieties by non-preference to oviposition and feeding along with antibiosis to S. frugiperda in the laboratory (27 ± 2 ºC, 70 ± 10% R.H. and photophase of 14 h). Two tests were performed to evaluate the non-preference to oviposition and feeding, one with free choice in a randomized block design and another in a completely randomized design. Leaves of the cotton varieties DeltaOpal®, NuOpal®, FMX 993®, FMT 701®, FMX 910® and FMX 996® were offered daily to S. frugiperda larvae. The presence of antibiosis was evaluated by the duration of each instar and of the larval and pupal stages, larval and pupal biomass, and adult longevity and fecundity. The NuOpal® variety was the most resistant to S. frugiperda. Spodoptera frugiperda fed on non-Bt cotton had heavier pupae and larvae, shorter development time for the larval stage, longer adult longevity, and a higher rate of oviposition and total viability when compared to the Bt cotton varieties.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de cultivares transgênicas de algodoeiro que expressam as proteínas Cry1Ac e Cry1F, nos parâmetros biológicos da lagarta falsa-medideira (Chrysodeixis includens). Lagartas neonatas foram alimentadas durante toda a fase larval com folhas de cultivares transgênicas e de suas isolinhas convencionais. Na cultivar Nuopal (Bollgard I) (Cry1Ac), 62% das lagartas sobreviveram e se transformaram em pupas normais. A cultivar FM 975 (WideStrike) (Cry1Ac e Cry1F) é letal para lagartas de primeiro instar, com 100% de mortalidade.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of transgenic cotton cultivars expressing the Cry1Ac and Cry1F proteins, on the biological parameters of soybean looper (Chrysodeixis includens). Neonate larvae were fed during the entire larval phase with leaves from transgenic cultivars and their conventional isolines. In the Nuopal (Bollgard I) cultivar (Cry1Ac), 62% of larvae survived and became normal pupae. The FM 975 (WideStrike) cultivar (Cry1Ac and Cry1F) is lethal to first-instar larvae, with 100% mortality.

O conhecimento do comportamento de alimentação e de oviposição de Anthonomus grandis em cultivares recentes de algodoeiro é essencial para seu manejo. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a distribuição vertical de botões florais com orifícios de alimentação e de oviposição da praga nas cultivares NuOPAL, DeltaOPAL, FMT-701, FMX-910 e FMX-993, bem como registrar as épocas de maior e menor preferência alimentar e de oviposição. O experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil, safra 2010/2011. Foram realizadas avaliações semanais, baseadas no número de botões florais, utilizados para alimentação e para oviposição pelo bicudo-do-algodoeiro, em três regiões do dossel das plantas. Observou-se que A. grandis preferiu ovipositar em botões florais localizados no terço superior das plantas e se alimentar de botões florais localizados nos terços médio e superior das plantas. A cultivar FMT-701 foi mais utilizada para a alimentação do bicudo, no início do período de florescimento e frutificação, e as cultivares NuOPAL, DeltaOPAL, FMX-910 e FMX-993 são utilizadas em todo o período de florescimento e frutificação das plantas. A. grandis preferiu ovipositar nas cultivares NuOPAL, FMT-701 e FMX-993, no início e no final do período de florescimento e frutificação e as cultivares DeltaOPAL e FMX-910 foram mais ovipositadas durante todo o período de florescimento e frutificação das plantas.

The feeding and oviposition behavior of boll weevil in new cotton cultivars is essential for an adequate management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vertical distribution of squares punctured for feeding and oviposition of the pest in the cultivars NuOPAL, DeltaOPAL, FMT-701, FMX-910 and FMX-993, and record the most and least preferred times of feeding and oviposition. The number of squares used for boll weevil feeding and oviposition were evaluated weekly in three parts of plant canopy. It was observed that, regardless the cultivar, A. grandis preferred to lay eggs in squares located in the upper part and feed on squares in the middle and upper parts. The boll weevil preferred to feed on cultivar FMT-701 in the beginning of the period of cotton flowering and fruiting, and the cultivars NuOPAL, DeltaOPAL, FMX-910 and FMX-993 throughout the whole period of flowering and fruiting. A. grandis preferred to lay eggs on cultivars NuOPAL, FMT-701 and FMX-993 at the beginning and end of flowering and fruiting of plants, while the cultivars DeltaOPAL and FMX-910 are used for oviposition throughout the period of flowering and fruiting.

Cycloneda sanguinea es un importante agente de control biológico del pulgón del algodonero. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los aspectos biológicos de C. sanguinea alimentada con ninfas y adultos de Aphis gossypii criado en los cultivares DeltaOPAL y NuOPAL (Bollgard I). El experimento fue realizado en laboratorio bajo condiciones controladas de temperatura (25 ± 1°C), humedad relativa (70 ± 10%) y fotofase (12 horas). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, los tratamientos fueron larvas de C. sanguinea alimentadas con pulgones (ninfas y adultos ápteros) criados en dos cultivares, siendo las repeticiones 40 larvas recién eclosionadas, individualizadas y alimentadas hasta el empupamiento y, posterior emergencia de los adultos que también fueron alimentados con pulgones de los cultivares. Para la evaluación de los adultos fueron individualizadas cinco parejas recién emergidas, en jaulas de plásticos de 12 cm de diámetro y 9 cm de altura, con papel toalla para la oviposición. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: duración y viabilidad de la fase larval, duración y viabilidad pupal, longevidad de adultos, periodo reproductivo, posreproductivo, y número total de huevos/hembra. La duración de la fase larval de C. sanguinea fue menor cuando se alimentaron con pulgones criados en el cultivar NuOPAL, mientras que la longevidad de los adultos y el periodo reproductivo fueron mayores. La fertilidad de las hembras y la viabilidad de huevos también fueron menores en este cultivar. Se sugiere que los pulgones criados en cultivares transgénicos de algodón (que expresan la proteína Cry1Ac), no son indicados para cría masiva en control biológico aplicado.

Cycloneda sanguinea is an important biological control agent of aphid cotton. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological aspects of C. sanguinea fed with nymphs and adults of Aphis gossypii reared in DeltaOPAL and NuOPAL cultivars (Bollgard I). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory under controlled temperature (25 ± 1°C), humidity (70 ± 10%) and photophase (12 hours). The experimental design was completely randomized, and treatments aphids fed on the two cultivars, and replicates 40 individuals. Each larva was individually until adult emergence of the predator in Petri dishes of 9 cm in diameter with moistened filter paper. For evaluation of individual adults were five couples newly emerged in plastic pots 12 cm in diameter and 9 cm tall, with filter paper for oviposition. The parameters evaluated were: duration and viability of the larval stage, pupal stage duration and survival, adult longevity, reproductive period, post-reproductive and total number of eggs per female. The duration of the larval stage of C. sanguinea was lower when fed aphids reared on the cultivar NuOPAL, while adult longevity and the reproductive period were higher. The female fertility and egg viability were also lower.

One of the major pests of nursery seedlings of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is the green scale, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae). The main predators of this species are beetles of the family Coccinellidae, especially Azya luteipes Mulsant. Morphological, behavioral and biological aspects of A. luteipes feeding on C. viridis on coffee plants were examined under laboratory conditions. Tests were conducted in room temperature at 28 ± 2 ºC. A. luteipes oviposits on the underside of the scale's body, laying two to four eggs per insect. The eggs have a subelliptical form and a white-clear color, and the incubation period is 8.3 ± 1.2 days. The number of eggs laid per female per day varies between eight and ten. A. luteipes undergoes four larval instars with durations of 2.0 ± 0, 3.2 ± 0.5, 3.6 ± 0.5 and 4.6 ± 0 days for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars, respectively. The average durations of the prepupal and pupal stages were 2.0 ± 0 and 10.9 ± 1.3 days, respectively. The viability of the larvae during each instar was 91.9, 89.3, 90.2 and 96.4 %, respectively, and the viabilities of prepupae and pupae were 99.1 and 98.2 %. The average duration of the egg-adult cycle was 34.3 ± 2.6 days, and the sex ratio was 0.52 %. Females presented a gray-colored head, while males presented a yellow head.

Com o objetivo de estudar a abundância e a diversidade de artrópodes predadores associados à cultura do algodoeiro e analisar a influência de fatores meteorológicos, interações entre inimigos naturais e a dinâmica populacional de coccinelídeos associados à sua principal presa, o pulgão Aphis gossypii, um experimento foi realizado na região de Ipameri (GO), no Campus da Universidade Estadual de Goiás. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, constituídos pelas cultivares DeltaOPAL, FMX 966, FMX 993, FMX 910 e NuOPAL, em quatro repetições. Dentre os artrópodes observados na cultura do algodoeiro, os coccinelídeos e as aranhas foram os mais abundantes, nas cultivares avaliadas. As aranhas ocorreram em todo o ciclo do algodoeiro. Já os coccinelídeos aumentaram sua população, gradativamente, até 55 DAE, apresentando pico populacional aos 34 DAE, coincidindo com o pico populacional dos pulgões A. gossypii. Dentre os coccinelídeos observados nas cultivares em estudo, verificou-se que Scymnus spp. foi o gênero mais abundante no algodoeiro. Os pentatomídeos e forficulídeos predominaram dos 99 aos 128 dias após a emergência do algodão, período que corresponde à maior densidade de pragas-alvo destes insetos. Verificou-se que não houve influência dos fatores meteorológicos e nem interação negativa entre os artrópodes predadores.

With the objective of studying the abundance and diversity of predaceous arthropods associated with cotton crop, and analyze the influence of meteorological factors, interactions between natural enemies and population dynamics of coccinellids associated with their principal prey, the aphid Aphis gossypii, an experiment was carried out in the region of Ipameri, Goiás State, Brazil, at the Universidade Estadual de Goiás campus. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments, consisting of the DeltaOPAL, FMX 966, FMX 993, FMX 910, and NuOPAL cultivars, in four replications. Among the arthropods sampled in the cotton crop, the coccinellids and spiders were the most abundant ones in the cultivars evaluated. Spiders occurred throughout the cotton cycle, while the coccinellids population increased gradually until 55 DAE, showing a population peak at 34 DAE, coinciding with the population peak of aphids (Aphis gossypii). Among the coccinellids observed in the cultivars under study, Scymnus spp. was the most abundant in cotton. The pentatomid and forficulid occurred from 99 to 128 days after the emergence of cotton, which corresponds to the highest density of target pest insects. It was not found influence of meteorological factors or negative interactions among predaceous arthropods.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a biologia do pulgão-do-algodoeiro, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), em plantas de algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.) sadias e infectadas com o vírus causador do mosaico das nervuras. O experimento foi realizado em câmara climatizada mantida a 25±1 ºC, umidade relativa de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Os dois tratamentos corresponderam a pulgões que se alimentaram de plantas sadias e infectadas com o vírus. As unidades experimentais consistiram de placas de Petri contendo ágar-água a 1% solidificado e um disco foliar de plantas sadias ou infectadas, com 30 repetições cada uma. Os pulgões que se alimentaram de plantas infectadas tiveram menor duração da fase ninfal (4,5 dias) em relação àqueles que se alimentaram de plantas sadias (4,9 dias). Os períodos pré-reprodutivo, reprodutivo e pós-reprodutivo e a longevidade não foram influenciados pelo vírus. A maior mortalidade também foi observada em pulgões alimentados com plantas infectadas. O tempo decorrido entre gerações (T) e o tempo necessário para duplicar em número (TD) foram menores para pulgões que se alimentaram de plantas infectadas (9,74 e 1,66 dias respectivamente), as quais também acarretaram maior mortalidade ninfal. A taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro), a capacidade inata de aumentar em número (r m) e a razão finita de aumento (λ) foram favoráveis aos pulgões que se alimentaram de folhas de algodoeiro infectadas. Conclui-se que os pulgões mantidos em folhas de algodoeiro sadias atingiram melhores índices de desenvolvimento enquanto na reprodução os melhores índices são observados em pulgões mantidos em folhas infectadas.

The objective of this work was to study the biology of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) healthy and infected by cotton vein mosaic virus. The assay was performed in climatic chambers at 25±1ºC, under relative humidity of 70±10% and photophase of 12h. The treatments corresponded to aphids fed on leaves of healthy and infected by virus plants. Cages consisted of Petri dishes containing agar-water (1%) solidified and one leaf disc from either healthy or infected plants. Aphids fed on infected cotton plant had a significantly shorter nymphal phase (4.5 days) than aphids fed on noninfected cotton plant (4.9 days). No significant differences were observed in A. gossypii prereproductive, reproductive and postreproductive periods and longevity when fed on infected or noninfected plants. The highest mortality rate of aphids occurred on infected plants. The time interval between generations (T) and the time needed for the population to double in size (TD) were lower for aphids feeding on infected plants (9.74 and 1.66 days, respectively). The net reproductive rate (Ro), the intrinsic rate of population increase (r m) and finite rate of increase (λ) were higher for aphids feeding on infected plants. Aphids that fed on noninfected cotton plants showed better indices of development. In the reproduction of aphids the best indices were observed in aphids kept in infected plants.

O desenvolvimento de insetos é dependente da temperatura. Nesta pesquisa, foi verificada a influência da temperatura no desenvolvimento e na reprodução de Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) em câmaras climatizadas com UR do ar 70±10%, fotofase de 12h e temperaturas constantes de 17, 19, 21, 23, 25 e 27 ± 1°C, tendo como substrato abóboras "cabotiá" (Curcubita maxima x Curcubita moschata var. Tetsukabuto). Foi observada a influência da temperatura nos parâmetros biológicos da cochonilha, sendo que temperaturas entre 23 e 27°C foram as mais adequadas ao inseto, propiciando menor duração do período ninfal e maior produção diária de ninfas por fêmea. Temperaturas entre 17 e 19°C provocam maior duração na fase ninfal, maior longevidade das fêmeas e menor produção diária de ninfas por fêmea.

The development of the insects is dependent on the temperature. In this research, it was verified the influence of the temperature in the development and reproduction of the Chrysomphalus aonidum under climate controlled conditions (RH 70±10%, photophase of 12h), and seven constant temperatures of 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27 ± 1°C); on "cabotiá" squash (Curcubita maxima x Curcubita moschata var. Tetsukabuto) substrate. The temperature had influence in the biological parameters of the scale. The temperatures between 23 and 27°C were the most adequate to the scale, causing smaller duration of the nymphal period, and higher daily production of nymphs per female. At the temperatures between 17 and 19°C, the scale presented higher duration in the nymphal phase, and longevity of the females and smaller daily production of nymphs per female.

Os afídeos são importantes pragas em citros como vetores de vírus fitopatogênicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade de espécies de afídeos alados e a ocorrência estacional dos afídeos em um pomar de citros localizado em Taiúva, SP. Para as coletas de afídeos foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo bandejas amarelas com água e placas adesivas amarelas. Foram realizadas quatro amostragens semanais em cada estação climática, durante o ano agrícola de 2004/2005. Foram capturados exemplares de afídeos das espécies: Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis spiraecola Patch, Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy e Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscombe), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, Uroleucon ambrosie (Thomas) e Acyrthosiphon bidenticola Smith. As espécies A. spiraecola e T. citricida foram as mais abundantes, sendo caracterizadas como espécies comuns em todo o período avaliado. Coletaram-se mais afídeos alados no outono/2004, em relação às demais estações e maior quantidade e diversidade de espécies de afídeos foi obtida em bandejas com água.

The aphids are important pests of the citrus orchards, as they act as vectors of the phytopathogenic virus. The research aimed to estimate the diversity of the species of winged aphids and the occurrence in each season in a citrus orchard of citrus in Taiúva, State of São Paulo. The yellow trap type Moericke and yellow trap stick were used for the catches, on four weeks samplings, in each season, from April/2004 until April/2005. The species colleted were Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis spiraecola Patch, Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy e Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscombe), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, Uroleucon ambrosie (Thomas) e Acyrthosiphon bidenticola Smith. The species A. spiraecola and T. citricida were the most abundant, and classificated as common species. A peak of winged applied capture was during the Autumn/2004, and the yellow trap with water captured more aphids than the yellow trap stick.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do diâmetro dos botões florais de algodoeiro na massa corporal de adultos do bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo e laboratório, em Jaboticabal (SP), Brasil. Foram realizadas seis amostragens, coletando-se ao acaso dez plantas nas cultivares Coodetec 405 e Fibermax 986, avaliando-se o número e o diâmetro de botões florais. Os botões florais com orifícios de oviposição foram individualizados em frascos e observados diariamente para a visualização da emergência dos adultos. Botões florais com maiores diâmetros proporcionam maior massa corporal de adultos de A. grandis recém-emergidos nas duas cultivares.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of diameter of the cotton squares in the corporal mass of adults of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The assay was carried out under field and laboratory conditions, in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. Six samplings obtained from a random harvesting of ten plants of each cultivar (Coodetec 405 and Fibermax 986). The number and diameter of squares were recorded for each plant. Squares with oviposition orifices were kept individually in a recipient and observed daily until adult emergence. The larger the diameter of the squares, the more corporal mass of boll weevil newly emerged adults in both cultivars.